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the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione

The modernity of the Courtier, five centuries after

The true please? Daughter of the policy and the 'concern for others'

In 1506, just five hundred' years ago, Pope Julius II, Bologna reduced to "the obedience of the Apostolic See," stopped in Urbino, and when hand, some gentlemen of followed, enchanted by the "sweetness of the company," they stayed for some time in the town of Marche, the court of Guid 'Ubaldo da Montefeltro. It was pleasant during the protraction, according Baldassar Castiglione, took place on the river talk-show, later escaped in the four books of the Courtier. Theme of many reasons: "The conditional and particular quality that richieggono who deserves the name ', in fact, a courtier (ie, a courtier, a gentleman), and therefore the development of a human model and its code of conduct, based on a "rule universalissima": "To fly as much as you like and a bit asperissimo and dangerous rocks, the affection and, perhaps, to say a word nova, used in everything a certain nonchalance that hides the 'art and show what you do or say be done without effort and almost without thinking. " So, with ease and lightness. This is the bone of the Courtier, which would have made stock, during the sixteenth century, other treaties on the conduct, Etiquette of the popular Civil conversation with Monsignor Della Casa Stefano Gouache. Manuals beds in all the courts and soon to be courted middle-class already, in imagination, 'bold oxymoron Moliere's "bourgeois gentleman". For those on the bestseller Europeans learned to converse amiably, to dress smartly, to sit at the table, to blow moccichini in the nose ... It was the Italians to give Codest beautiful teachings. We must "hacerse saber a todos", adapted to all: He wrote the Deuterobaldassare (ie, the Spaniard Gracian), reaching a crucial point: as knights and ladies of the Courtier had celebrated a "grace" which could only flourish in a few, in a microclimate favorable and that out of there, saddened and soon goes limp, like a flower without 'water. What they resisted, and naturalizing, were the rules, engaging, down to earth though, that a band of followers drew from the Treaty of Castiglione, for example, in companies refrain from doing "what is ugly or nauseating or fetid or avoidant ' and also by naming them not to sing, especially if you have a "voice disagreement or dissimilar" to avoid the noisy yawns yawning and speaking not "scratching sitting at the table" not "rub your teeth with your napkin 'not' take the food so greedily that therefore is generated hiccups or other unpleasant act, "and so on (all the precepts of the house). This effort refinements (these had to appear in a 'Europe still rustica) over time would follow other, more detailed and more inaccessible. The world dirozzava. The "bienséances" (as the French called it good manners) conquered every day new strongholds. But the 'obedience to the rules seemed increasingly extraneous to what had been their source: the 'ideal of cultured human perfection (although, of course, limited to a social group, in an environment) that is breathed in every page of the Courtier. From time to time someone noticed the crack and tried a little restoration. Wrote Goethe in Elective Affinities, "There 'is a courtesy that does not have a deep moral basis C' is a courtesy of the heart that is next to 'love. It comes courtesy of the behavior "Even Jane Austen probably noticed that the basis of 'good manners' was made up of" good principles "But in other cases, frequent, and the coincidence of bienséances kindness was, and was considered an effect special a trompe-l 'oeil. And today? I doubt that the electoral fray and our time in general provide conditions conducive to a dignified and restful contemplation and celebration of good manners. About as far away from us of Castiglione, who praised lightness and grace while, apart from some unheard appeal, the taste gives value to the existing 'commitment to suffering, maceration (I think all' picture of a philosopher photographed hands against his temples, as if the head was about to explode) or an explosive vulgarity? C 'is still a reading that I would recommend as an antidote to' era of monologues and fights well for a different approach to the whole question: an essay by Giovanna Axia, a professor of psychology at 's University of Padova (and already the author of a book on shyness), now revived in a new edition. Title: In praise of politeness (the mill). The subtitle explains almost everything: 'The concern for others as a form of' intelligence '. In 'attention to the other Axia sees the' mental element that sustains all control and softening of manners. Not that this' idea is completely new. Della Casa had already written: "Thou must temper and order your ways, not according to your will, but according to the pleasure of those co 'which you use." Yet his attention was directed towards various forms of on-coded, while, in view of Axia, true courtesy is fed so assiduously by a delicate and penetrating understanding of the needs of others. Anyway, for the reader, the real news is in praise of kindness' approach to the beaten path, that is smart and unexpected. Giovanna Axia shows that about eight years, the child learns to speak, taking into account not only their own desires, but the views and needs of 'party. This is one of the decisive moments of his training, a crown and is also the 'access to a superior form of communication: as a poem to the metric, the discourse adheres to the rules of courtesy (and, often, adolescents and adults unlearn what have learned, but that, you know, it happens in any field, alas, forgotten everything). Addressing the topic from the side of Axia means removing the discussion from the annoying constraints on the class and all 'environment. Even if c 'is the one who claimed to have the' exclusivity, courtesy is within the reach of every speaker who is not eaten by a wild and resentful self-centeredness. So much the gentleman of the court of Guid 'Ubaldo as the child of primary school, the villain in the old sense (ie the farmer) as the bourgeois el' aristocratic 's extra-what' s native. He lives within us, if only we care to those around us, is a frame on which to weave any dialogue with others. Just talk, like Goethe, a "courtesy of the heart." The rest of the costume consists of branches, sometimes interesting, sometimes silly. It is not necessary to know, even if it is being curious and friendly elegant taken into account, as it is, on the road, respect the customs and language of interest in a foreign country. L 'AUTHOR Baldassar Castiglione (1478-1529, above the portrait of Raphael now in the Louvre) is the author of poems in Latin and the vernacular, a vast collection of letters, of' eclogue 'Tirsi. His masterpiece is "The Book of the Courtier" written between 1513 and 1518 (published in 1528) where you draw the figure of the perfect courtier. THE BOOK Giovanna Axia's essay, "In Praise of courtesy" (1996), has now been reprinted in a new edition of the Mill (134 pages, € 9.50)

John Mariotti (February 8, 2006) - Corriere della Sera